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Health, Biomedical Science and Society Initiative
Speaker Biographies A to L
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David Agus, MD Pervez Ahmed, MBBS Arash Alaei, MD Kamiar Alaei, MD, MPH, MS Alan Altman, MD Robert Armstrong, PhD Catherine Arnold, MBA, MHA Anthony Atala, MD Ronald Atlas, PhD Zoë Baird, JD John M. Barry Sharon Begley J. Michael Bishop, MD Adam Bly Susan Brink Andrea Califano, PhD Sir Roy Calne, MD Nigel Cameron, PhD Nora Chase Stanley N. Cohen, MD Bill Colby, JD Rita Colwell, PhD Max Coppes, MD, PhD, MBA Dan Crippen, PhD Clive Crook Alice Dautry, PhD Susan Dentzer James D'Orta, MD David Eddy, MD, PhD Einer Elhauge, JD Ezekiel Emanuel, MD, PhD Ruth Faden, PhD, MPH Anthony Fauci, MD Charles Figley, PhD Harvey Fineberg, MD, PhD Silvia Formenti, MD Henry Friedman, MD
Craig Fuller Mark Ganz Elliot Gerson, JD Joan R. Goldberg Glenda Greenwald James Greenwood David Grubin Steven Gutman, MD, MBA Margaret Hamburg, MD William Haseltine, PhD Joseph Hogan, MBA Stuart Hogarth Robert M. Honigberg, MD, MBA Kathy Hudson, PhD Thomas Hughes, PhD Margaret Hunt, MS, ATC Neen Hunt, EdD Jennifer Jarrett, MBA Scott Johnson, MBA C. Ronald Kahn, MD Frances Kamm, PhD Regis Kelly, PhD Cynthia Kenyon, PhD Kaveh Khoshnood, PhD Darrell Kirch, MD Richard Klausner, MD Robert N. Klein, JD Caroline Kovac, PhD Clifton Leaf, MFA Stephanie Lederman, EdM Alan Leshner, PhD |
Peter C. Agre, winner of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, is Vice Chancellor for Science and Technology at Duke University Medical Center. Dr. Agre received the Nobel for discovering the long-searched-for mechanism by which water passes through cell membranes, which he and a colleague documented in a 1992 paper in the journal Science. In his post at Duke, Dr. Agre plays a leading role in guiding the development of the university’s medical science research enterprise, including assessing global health care needs and ensuring that Duke is positioned to address them. Dr. Agre received his MD from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1974, took a residency at Case Western Reserve University and later a fellowship at UNC-Chapel Hill. In 1984, he returned to Johns Hopkins, where he progressed among the ranks of the faculty and ultimately was appointed as a full professor in the department of biological chemistry.
David B. Agus is Director of the Spielberg Family Center for Applied Proteomics and Research Director of the Louis Warschaw Prostate Cancer Center at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He also is an attending physician at Cedars-Sinai and an assistant professor of medicine at nearby UCLA. Prior to joining Cedars-Sinai, Dr. Agus was an attending physician in the department of medical oncology and head of the Laboratory of Tumor Biology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. His research has focused on understanding the biology of cancer and the development of new drugs and treatments for prostate cancer. In addition to his basic science investigations, he has led the clinical trials programs of the Prostate Cancer Center, hoping to get drugs from the laboratory to patients. He graduated cum laude with honors in molecular biology from Princeton University and received his MD from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
Pervez Ahmed is Executive Director, Medical Operations, of Max Healthcare in New Delhi. Dr. Ahmed is board certified in internal and cardiovascular disease and has been involved in a variety of healthcare activities in India beginning in 1980. After studying pre-medical at Hindu College, he obtained his MBBS, essentially the equivalent of an MD, from Armed Forces Medical College in Pune, India. He served a residency at Safdarjung Hospital in New Delhi, and then traveled to New York, where he completed a residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in cardiology. Among his leadership positions, he was physician in-charge of the ICU and Director of Critical Care Medicine at Brookdale Hospital Medical Centre. Dr. Ahmed also has been the director of many internal medicine and cardiology review courses at Brookdale. Additionally, he helped establish an extended care rehabilitation facility in New York.
Kamiar Alaei is Co-Founder of Global Health in the Middle East and Central Asia, which trains and motivates health experts in these regions regarding HIV/AIDS and harm reduction. Dr. Alaei co-authored Iran's National Strategic Plan for the Control of HIV/AIDS 2002-2007. He also was instrumental in developing a major health proposal that was awarded $16 million by the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS. In addition, Dr. Alaei played a leadership role in establishing the first HIV/STD and drug use prevention and care center, the Triangular Clinic, in Iran, which the World Health Organization deemed a best practice. He has presented more than 60 papers in 23 countries. The BBC made a documentary about the work being carried out by Dr. Alaei and his brother, who is also a physician. Dr. Alaei received his MD and MPH in Iran, and his master’s in international health from Harvard University.
Alan Altman is Assistant Clinical Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology at Harvard Medical School. A practicing gynecologist, Dr. Altman specializes in peri and post-menopausal care, hormonal therapy and issues of midlife sexual function and dysfunction. Perimenopause, sexual function and hormonal therapy were the topics covered in his first book, Making Love the Way We Used To...or Better; The Secrets to Satisfying Midlife Sexuality. He co-authored the chapter on hormonal therapy in the recently released textbook, Women's Sexual Function and Dysfunction, the chapter on sexual dysfunction in the just released textbook Psychosomatic Medicine, as well as the chapter on midlife sexuality in the Textbook of Perimenopausal Gynecology. An important part of his recent career has been the education of the lay public on postmenopausal hormonal therapy after the misrepresentation of the results of the Women’s Health Initiative Study, presented in July 2002.
Robert W. Armstrong is Vice President of Global External Research and Development for Eli Lilly and Company. He is a member of the company’s senior management council and previously was its Vice President of Discovery Chemistry Research. Prior to joining Lilly in 1999, Dr. Armstrong had been director and head of small molecule drug discovery at Amgen, Inc. He received bachelor’s degrees in chemistry and biochemistry from the University of California at San Diego and a PhD in chemistry from Colorado State University. After completing an NIH postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard University, he joined the University of California at Los Angeles faculty as an assistant professor. His research has centered on total synthesis of natural products, development of synthetic methodology, and synthesis and conformational analysis of natural and synthetic biopolymers, including DNA and peptides. He is the recipient of an NSF Presidential Young Investigator Award and a Sloan Foundation Fellowship.
Catherine Arnold is the Health Care Sector Leader for the Equity Research Department at Credit Suisse, as well as a Director and Senior Analyst covering U.S. Major Pharmaceuticals on behalf of the company. She previously worked as a Senior Analyst at Sanford Bernstein, where she followed European major pharmaceuticals. Prior to Bernstein, she was a Director in Strategic Planning/Business Development reporting directly to the CEO of Hoffman-La Roche and, before that, was a Senior Consultant in the Pharmaceutical practice of Booz Allen & Hamilton. Ms. Arnold is a graduate of the University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing and has an MBA and MHA from the Katz Graduate School of Business and the Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Pittsburgh.
Anthony Atala is Director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Chair of Urology at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine. Dr. Atala is a surgeon, researcher and expert on regenerative medicine and stem cells. His current work focuses on growing new human cells, tissues and organs (including kidney, blood vessels, cartilage, bladder and pancreas). Ten applications of his technologies have been used clinically. Dr. Atala has received numerous awards, including the Christopher Columbus Foundation Award bestowed on an American working on a discovery that will significantly affect society. He was named by Scientific American as a Medical Treatments Leader of the Year and by Fast Company as one of 50 people who “will change how we work and live over the next 10 years." He is the editor of numerous journals and books, has published more than 300 journal articles and book chapters, and has applied for or received more than 200 patents.
Zoë E. Baird is President of the Markle Foundation, a private philanthropy that focuses on using information and communications technologies to address critical public needs, particularly in the areas of health care and national security. Ms. Baird's career spans business, government, and academia. Among her leadership posts, she has been senior vice president and general counsel of Aetna, Inc., a senior visiting scholar at Yale Law School, associate general counsel to President Jimmy Carter, and an attorney in the Office of Legal Counsel of the Department of Justice. Ms. Baird’s government service also includes eight years of work on President Clinton's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. She participates in the Steering Committee of Markle's Connecting for Health initiative, and is on a number of non-profit and corporate boards, including the Chubb Corporation, Boston Properties, and the Brookings Institution.
John Barry, Distinguished Visiting Scholar at the Center for Bioenvironmental Research of Tulane and Xavier Universities, is a prize-winning and New York Times best-selling author whose books have won more than 20 awards. In 2005 the National Academy of Sciences named his book, The Great Influenza, a study of the 1918 pandemic, the year’s outstanding book on science or medicine, and the Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens awarded him its 2005 “September Eleventh Award.” He serves on advisory boards at MIT’s Center for Engineering Systems Fundamentals and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and on a federal government Infectious Disease Board of Experts. He has advised state, federal and World Health Organization officials on influenza, crisis management, and risk communication, and also serves as secretary of the Southeast Louisiana Flood Protection Authority, a super-levee board overseeing six levee districts covering the New Orleans region.
Sharon Begley has been a Senior Editor and the science columnist at Newsweek magazine since early 2007. For the previous five years she was the science columnist at The Wall Street Journal. She covers genetics, neuroscience, physics, astronomy, psychology, anthropology, climatology and science policy. She has received numerous awards for her work, including the 2006 American Aging Association Media Award for a series of columns on Alzheimer’s disease; the 2005 Public Understanding of Science Award from the Exploratorium, a 2005 Clarion Award from the Association for Women in Communications for her “Science Journal” column and a 2004 Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters for Contributions to the public understanding of science from the University of North Carolina. She is the author of the 2007 book Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain.
J. Michael Bishop is University Professor and Chancellor at the University of California, San Francisco, and a recipient of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Dr. Bishop and his colleague Dr. Harold Varmus were jointly awarded the Nobel for their discovery of proto-oncogenes—normal genes that can be converted to cancer genes by genetic damage. This work led to the recognition that all cancer probably arises from damage to normal genes, and provided new strategies for the detection and treatment of cancer. Dr. Bishop has served as a scientific advisor or member of numerous oversight boards, including the Board of Trustees of The Salk Institute, the National Cancer Advisory Board, and the Medical Advisory Board for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is the author of more than 300 research publications and reviews, and of the book How to Win the Nobel Prize: An Unexpected Life in Science.
Adam Bly is Chief Executive Officer and Editor-in-Chief of Seed Media Group. He also is Founder of Seed magazine, which chronicles the ideas, issues and people shaping global science culture. Before launching the magazine, he became the youngest researcher at the National Research Council of Canada, where he spent three years working with a team studying cell adhesion and cancer. It was at the National Research Council that he identified a cultural shift in the making: Science was transforming business, politics, the arts and current affairs unlike ever before, he discerned; and because science affects everyone, scientific literacy likewise would be essential to modern society. Such realizations prompted him to establish Seed. Among his honors, Mr. Bly was selected as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum and as a recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.
Susan Brink is a Health Reporter for the Los Angeles Times. She has covered health and medicine for 25 years for newspapers in Oregon and Boston, and for U.S. News & World Report in Washington, D.C. She co-authored, with Dr. Daniel Levy, A Change of Heart: How the People of Framingham, Massachusetts, Helped Unravel the Mysteries of Heart Disease. She was a recipient of fellowships from the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism and the East-West Center Fellowships for Journalism. She has reported on international health issues from China, Vietnam, Japan, Brazil, Africa and Banda Aceh, and writes extensively on consumer health, mental health and the health care delivery system.
Andrea Califano is
Roy Yorke Calne is Emeritus Professor of Surgery at Cambridge University and Visiting Professor of Surgery to the National University of Singapore. Dr. Calne is the United Kingdom’s foremost pioneer of liver transplantation, a specialty he pursued when the overwhelming thinking in medical circles was that it couldn’t be done. Although the surgical techniques involved are very complex, the issue of rejection has caused the greatest problems. Dr. Calne was the first to use drugs to control the body’s natural rejection of donated organs, and this major breakthrough produced an enormous expansion in the transplantation program at Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, which became an international model under his leadership. He received his medical training at Guy’s Hospital in London, and after performing his national service held surgical appointments at a number of London hospitals and Harvard Medical School. In recognition of his contributions, he was knighted by the Queen in 1986.
Nigel M. de S. Cameron is President of the Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future, Director of the Center on Nanotechnology and Society, and Research Professor of Bioethics in the Illinois Institute of Technology. Dr. Cameron founded the journal Ethics and Medicine in 1983 and is a commentator on issues of health, technology and policy, with appearances on ABC Nightline, CNN, PBS Frontline, and the BBC. His books include The New Medicine and Nanoscale: Issues and Perspectives for the Nano Century. He has been a visiting scholar at UBS Wolfsberg in Switzerland and has represented the United States as a bioethics adviser on delegations to the United Nations. He is a member of the U.S. National Commission on UNESCO and has testified before Congress, the European Parliament and the European Commission's Advisory Group on Ethics. A native of the UK, he has studied at Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities and the Edinburgh Business School.
Stanley N. Cohen is Professor of Genetics and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the School of Medicine at Stanford University. He and his colleague Herbert W. Boyer revolutionized the disciplines of biology and chemistry in 1973 with their discovery of methods to transplant and clone genes, and are named as inventors on the basic patents underlying the field of genetic engineering. Among Dr. Cohen's awards are the National Medal of Science, the National Medal of Technology, the Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, the Wolf Prize in Medicine, the Lemelson-MIT Prize, the Albany Medical Center Prize in Biomedical Research, and the Shaw Prize. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Inventors Hall of Fame, and the Institute of Medicine of the NAS. His recent investigations include studies of the role of host cell genes in microbial infections.
Mr. Colby is a Senior Fellow with the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization in Washington, D.C. He is also the lawyer who represented the family of Nancy Cruzan in their family's right-to-die case, the first such case heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. Mr. Colby has been interviewed on Larry King Live, CNN, MSNBC, Hardball, Fox News, Good Morning America, NPR, Today, CBS This Morning, and similar programs, and speaks across the country on the issues we face at the end of life. He has written on these topics for USA Today, Kansas City Star, Philadelphia Inquirer and other publications. His most recent book, Unplugged: Reclaiming Our Right to Die in America, was released in the summer of 2006. He graduated from the University of Kansas School of Law, clerked on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and practiced law in Washington, D.C. and Kansas City.
Rita R. Colwell is Distinguished University Professor in Microbiology and Biotechnology at the University of Maryland College Park and Senior Advisor and Honorary Chairperson of Canon U.S. Life Sciences, Inc. Dr. Colwell, an expert on cholera and other infectious diseases, became the first woman to direct the National Science Foundation (NSF), a post she assumed in 1998 and held for six years. During her tenure at the NSF, she championed international collaboration and spearheaded the agency's emphases in K-12 science and math education, graduate science and engineering education, and the increased participation of women and minorities in science and engineering. Prior to joining the NSF, she was president of the University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute from 1991 to 1998. She has authored or co-authored 16 books and some 600 scientific publications. In 2006, she received the prestigious Order of the Rising Sun Gold and Silver Star from the Japanese government.
Max Coppes is Executive Director of the Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders at Children’s National Medical Center in Washington, D.C., and Professor of Medicine, Oncology and Pediatrics at Georgetown University. Dr. Coppes is a seasoned pediatric oncologist and is widely regarded as one of the leading experts on Wilms tumor, the most common kidney cancer in childhood. He is actively involved in national and international childhood cancer committees and recently was elected to the Board of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology. Dr Coppes received his MD from Leiden Medical School in the Netherlands, his PhD from the University of Amsterdam, and his MBA from the Haskayne School of Business in Calgary, Canada. Since he obtained his MBA, Dr. Coppes has increased his involvement in hospital administration and has developed an interest in risk management.
Dan Crippen, an economist and health policy expert, is a Former Director of the Congressional Budget Office. He also served in senior positions in the White House and Senate, including as Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy during the Reagan administration, and is a specialist in issues relating to the federal budget, health care and retirement. In 2003, after four years of leadership at the Congressional Budget Office, Dr. Crippen stepped down and became a consultant for healthcare providers, including developers of cardiac devices and bio-engineered pharmaceuticals. He serves on several boards of companies in the heath care industry as well as on the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget and the CBO Panel of Economic Advisors. In addition, Dr. Crippen chairs the Quadrennial Social Security Technical Advisory Panel, reviewing the work of Social Security actuaries. He received his master’s and PhD from Ohio State University.
Clive Crook is a Senior Editor of The Atlantic and Chief Washington Commentator of The Financial Times. In addition, he writes a column for National Journal and serves as chief editorial adviser to David Bradley, the chairman of Atlantic Media Group. He was formerly on the staff of The Economist, where he was deputy editor from 1993 to 2005. A graduate of Oxford and the London School of Economics, he has served as a consultant to The World Bank and worked as an oficial in the British Treasury. He lives in Washington, D.C.
Alice Dautry is President of Institut Pasteur, a post she has held since 2005. Dr. Dautry also is a professor and the head of the Biology of Cell Interaction Unit at the institute. She was trained as a solid state physicist at the University of Paris and as a molecular biologist at the University of New York at Stony Brook and the National Institutes of Health. She has been a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and professor at Ecole Polytechnique. Her research focuses on cell biology, host-pathogen interactions, and cellular microbiology and receptors of the immune system, among other areas. She has also been very involved in educational activities, serving as director of the molecular biology of the cell graduate course at Institut Pasteur, teaching cell biology at Ecole Polytechnique, and training PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. Dr. Dautry also has served on numerous scientific councils and advisory boards.
Susan Dentzer is a career journalist and on-air correspondent for The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer on PBS, where she leads a unit that specializes in coverage of health care and health policy. The unit is a partnership with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Ms. Dentzer's work has received numerous awards, including a 2007 award from the American Society of Aging for a series on Alzheimer’s, and a 2006 first place award for excellence from the Association of Health Care Journalists for a series on a severely wounded Iraq war veteran. Ms. Dentzer's expertise and journalistic abilities have led to frequent appearances on other nationally televised news programs as well, including The McLaughlin Group and CNN. She is host of a weekly health segment on Discovery.com. A graduate of Dartmouth College, she served on Dartmouth’s Board of Trustees from 1993 to 2004 and was the first woman to chair the Board from 2001 to 2004.
James D’Orta is Founder, Chairman and CEO of Consumer Health Services, Inc. He is a physician, businessman and board certified specialist in emergency medicine, as well as the founder and former president of International Medical Consulting, Inc.. Prior to that, Dr. D’Orta was CEO of a national physician service and medical device oversight provider, LifeLink MD, which he also founded. Dr. D’Orta continues to serve as a director for the Board at Johns Hopkins University, and Georgetown University Hospital. He holds faculty positions in emergency medicine and surgery at Georgetown, George Washington and the University of Maryland Schools of Medicine, and serves on administrative and clinical oversight boards. Dr. D’Orta played a critical role in coordinating emergency physician teams in response to the earthquakes in Mexico City, Armenia, and San Francisco. He also provided medical aid to the victims of the Amtrak-Contrail disaster in Maryland and led an international medical task force to Kuwait after the Gulf war.
David Eddy is Founder and Chief Medical Officer of Archimedes Inc., a comprehensive simulation model of health care developed at Kaiser Permanente. More than 25 years ago, Dr. Eddy wrote the seminal paper on the role of guidelines in medical decision making, the first Markov model applied to clinical problems, the original criteria for coverage decisions, and was the first to use and publish the term "evidence-based." He is the author of five books, more than 100 first-authored articles, and a series of essays for the Journal of the American Medical Association. Dr. Eddy received his MD from the University of Virginia and his PhD in engineering-economic systems (applied mathematics) from Stanford University.
Einer R. Elhauge is the Petrie Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and Faculty Director of the Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology and Bioethics. He teaches a gamut of courses ranging from Antitrust, Contracts, Corporations, Health Care Law, and Statutory Interpretation. Before coming to Harvard, he was a Professor of Law at the University of California at Berkeley, and clerked for Justice Brennan on the Supreme Court. He received both his bachelor’s and law degree from Harvard, graduating first in his law school class. He is an author of numerous pieces on a range of topics even broader than he teaches. His most recent publications are Global Antitrust Law and Economics (Foundation Press 2007) and Global Competition Law and Economics (Hart Publishing 2007). Currently he is working on a book entitled Statutory Default Rules for Harvard University Press, books on contract theory and health law policy and articles on re-engineering human biology and other topics.
Ezekiel J. Emanuel is Chairman of the Department of Clinical Bioethics at the Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health. He also is a breast oncologist. After completing Amherst College, he received his M.Sc. in biochemistry from Oxford University; his M.D. from Harvard Medical School; and his Ph.D. in political philosophy from Harvard University, where his dissertation received the Toppan Award for the finest political science dissertation of the year. He completed an internship and residency at Boston's Beth Israel Hospital and an oncology fellowship at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, where he later joined the faculty. Dr. Emanuel also has held professorships at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Medical School. In addition to his many papers on bioethics, he wrote the widely praised book The Ends of Human Life. His honors include a Fulbright Scholarship and the AMA-Burroughs Wellcome Leadership Award.
Ruth R. Faden is the Philip Franklin Wagley Professor of Biomedical Ethics and Executive Director of the Berman Institute of Bioethics at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Faden also is a senior research scholar at Georgetown University’s Kennedy Institute of Ethics. She has written and edited numerous articles and books on biomedical ethics and health policy, including Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy (with Madison Powers), A History and Theory of Informed Consent (with Tom Beauchamp); AIDS, Women and the Next Generation (Ruth Faden, Gail Geller and Madison Powers, eds.); and HIV, AIDS and Childbearing: Public Policy, Private Lives (Ruth Faden and Nancy Kass, eds.). She has served on several national advisory committees and commissions, including the President’s Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, which she chaired. Dr. Faden received her PhD and MPH from the University of California, Berkeley.
Anthony S. Fauci is Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Since his installment as director in 1984, Dr. Fauci has overseen an extensive research portfolio aimed at preventing, diagnosing, and treating infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, influenza, tuberculosis, malaria and illness from potential agents of bioterrorism. He received his MD from Cornell University Medical College in 1966, completed an internship and residency at New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, and later took a post at NIAID as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation. At NIAID, he steadily rose among the ranks, becoming head of the institute’s Clinical Physiology Section and chief of its Laboratory of Immunoregulation prior to his installment as institute director. Among his medical science contributions, his research shed light on how the AIDS virus destroys the body's defenses leading to its susceptibility to deadly infections. In September he was selected as the 2007 recipient of the Mary Woodard Lasker Award for Public Service in Support of Medical Research and the Health Sciences.
Charles R. Figley is Director and Professor, Florida State University Traumatology Institute, and Editor of Traumatology (Sage Publications). He has published nearly 200 scholarly papers or books since 1973. His first book, Stress Disorders among Vietnam Veterans: Theory, Research, and Treatment (Brunner/Mazel, 1978), is recognized as the first comprehensive analysis of the immediate and long-term psychosocial consequences of war on the combatants. This was followed by Strangers at Home: Vietnam Veterans since the War (Praeger, 1980). His latest book, with Navy Captain and psychiatrist William Nash, is Combat Stress Injury (Routledge, 2007). He is a former Vietnam veteran marine who has worked closely with all branches of the military to help combatants and their families and those who care for them (corpsmen, medics, nurses, physicians, social workers, psychologists, chaplains, and their superiors who evaluate them). The Green Cross, which he founded in 1995, is working with other NGOs to help returning veterans and their families.
Harvey V. Fineberg is President of the Institute of Medicine. He served as Provost of Harvard University from 1997 to 2001, after thirteen years as Dean of the Harvard School of Public Health. Dr. Fineberg helped found and later served as President of the Society for Medical Decision Making. He is the co-author of the books Clinical Decision Analysis, Innovators in Physician Education, and The Epidemic that Never Was, an analysis of the controversial federal immunization program against swine flu in 1976. He also co-edited several books, and has written numerous articles published in professional journals. He is the recipient of the Joseph W. Mountain Prize and the Wade Hampton Frost Prize. Dr. Fineberg received his bachelor's and professional degrees at Harvard University.
Silvia C. Formenti is Sandra and Edward H. Meyer Chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology at the New York University School of Medicine. Widely respected for her work in breast and cervical cancer, Dr. Formenti joined NYU in 2000 after serving as a tenured associate professor of both radiation oncology and medicine at the University of California School of Medicine in Los Angeles. A native of Milan, Italy, she earned her MD at the Universita degli Studi di Milano, later completing residencies in internal medicine, medical oncology and radiation oncology in her hometown prior to accepting a faculty position at the University of Southern California. Among her accomplishments, Dr. Formenti is the principal investigator of a Center of Excellence in Breast Cancer supported by the Department of Defense. She also directs the Breast Cancer Research Program of the NYU Cancer Institute.
Henry S. Friedman is the James B. Powell, Jr. Professor of Neuro-Oncology at Duke University Medical Center. He is internationally recognized for his work as an educator, clinician, laboratory scientist and clinical investigator in both pediatric and adult brain and spinal cord tumors. He received his MD from Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, New York in May of 1977 and stayed at that institution for pediatric and pediatric hematology-oncology training. He trained in neuro-oncology at Duke University Medical Center and joined the faculty at that institution in 1983. Dr. Friedman has published more than 350 articles in peer reviewed professional journals. He currently serves as the Deputy Director of The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke.
Senator Bill Frist, heart and lung transplant surgeon and former Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate, is the Distinguished Schultz Visiting Professor of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He is focused on domestic health reform, the basic science of heart transplantation, global health policy, health care disparities, information technology, medical mission work in Sudan, genocide in Darfur, the health of the mountain gorilla, and HIV. He graduated from Princeton majoring in health policy at the Woodrow Wilson School and Harvard Medical School, completing surgical residency at Massachusetts General Hospital and heart transplantation fellowship at Stanford. He is board certified in general surgery and heart and lung surgery. He has performed over 150 heart and lung transplants, has authored 100 peer-reviewed medical articles, over 400 newspaper articles, and 5 books (on bioterrorism, transplantation). His board service includes Save the Children, Committee on Conscience (U.S. Holocaust Museum), Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, CSIS.
Craig L. Fuller is Executive Vice President of APCO Worldwide, an independently owned global communication consultancy. Mr. Fuller joined the firm’s Washington, D.C., office after holding top positions in the White House, a national trade association, a Fortune 50 corporation and in global consulting firms. Prior to joining APCO, he established his own consulting firm and previously was President and CEO of the National Association of Chain Drug Stores, where he worked on major health care policy issues with 200 leading retail organizations and 1,000 manufacturers and suppliers to the industry. At the White House, he served for eight years as Assistant to President Reagan for cabinet affairs and then as Chief of Staff to Vice President George H. W. Bush. Mr. Fuller serves on the board of Stillwater Mining Company and is a director of the United States Chamber of Commerce and the National Chamber Foundation.
Mark B. Ganz is President and Chief Executive Officer of The Regence Group, a not-for-profit health and life insurance company based in Portland, serving nearly three million people in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Utah. Since joining Regence in 1992, Mr. Ganz has served as chief operating officer, chief legal officer and secretary, chief compliance officer and president of Regence BlueCross BlueShield of Oregon. An active community leader, he chairs the boards of Catholic Charities and Greenlight Greater Portland, a regional economic development corporation. Board memberships include Portland General Electric Inc., U.S. Bank-Oregon Advisory Board, the Executive Committee of the Oregon Business Council, University of Portland Board of Regents, Boy Scouts of America-Cascade Pacific Council, JELD-WEN Tradition Foundation, Blue Cross and Blue Shield Association and America’s Health Insurance Plans. He earned undergraduate and law degrees from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. While an undergraduate, he was a member of the staff of Senator Henry M. Jackson.
Elliot Gerson is responsible for Aspen Institute’s Policy and Public Programs and its relations with its international partners. The Institute's Policy Programs focus on many of the most important issues in domestic and international affairs. They seek to improve decision-making by providing neutral venues, nonpartisan analysis and candid dialogue among leaders. The Institute's Public Programs open the Institute’s doors to a broader audience of influential citizens, and include the Aspen Ideas Festival, and several more specialized forums. These occur primarily on the Institute's Aspen campus, and in Washington, at the Roosevelt House in New York City, and occasionally in other cities and overseas. Aspen has international partners in France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, and Romania. Elliot is a graduate of Harvard College, Oxford University where he was a Rhodes Scholar at Magdalen College, and Yale Law School. As American Secretary of the Rhodes Trust, he manages the U.S. Rhodes Scholarships. He was a U. S. Supreme Court clerk and has had a career including the practice of law, executive positions in state and federal government and a presidential campaign, president of leading insurance and healthcare companies, and service on many non-profit boards, especially in the arts and humanities, and in medical education. He also serves on the board of an Afghan company focused on the economic development of Afghanistan. He lives with his wife Dr. Jessica Herzstein in Washington, DC and Aspen, and they have seven children.
Joan Goldberg is executive director of the American Society for Cell Biology in Bethesda, Maryland. Prior leadership positions include those at the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research and the National Sleep Foundation. During the last 20 years she has focused on advancing biomedical research and communicating its impact on human health. Ms. Goldberg has developed many public and Congressional educational initiatives and forged public-private-nonprofit partnerships to support them. Targets range from mental illness, sleep, and bone health, to the importance of basic, clinical and translational research. Ms. Goldberg has presented new approaches for program evaluation, strategic planning, and conflict of interest management, and consulted for diverse clients. To reach a popular audience, she has written three books and hundreds of articles and appeared on NBC Nightly News and CNN. Ms. Goldberg is a member of the Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives and the American Society of Association Executives.
David Grubin is a producer, director, writer, and cinematographer who has won every major award in his field, including three George Foster Peabody awards, two Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University awards, and nine Emmys. As the president of DAVID GRUBIN PRODUCTIONS, INC., Mr. Grubin has produced over 100 films on subjects ranging from history to art, from poetry to science. A member of the executive committee of the Society of American Historians, Grubin has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, has been a Montgomery Fellow at Dartmouth College, and is the recipient of an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, Hamilton College. He is a member of the Directors Guild and the Writers Guild, and serves on the board of directors of the Film Forum. Mr. Grubin is currently producing a three-hour series for PBS, entitled "The Mysterious Human Heart," which is to be premiered at the Aspen Health Forum.
Steven I. Gutman is Director of the Office of In Vitro Diagnostic Device Evaluation and Safety at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A board certified pathologist, Dr. Gutman has served as an FDA regulator for the past 15 years in the area of laboratory tests, referred to by the FDA as in vitro diagnostic devices. He was appointed Director of the office he now oversees in 1993, the year the office was created. Before that Dr. Gutman was Director of the FDA’s Division of Clinical Laboratory Devices, where he had previously served as a medical officer. Prior to joining the FDA, he worked for 15 years running laboratories, including 10 years as a clinical pathologist and chief of the laboratory service at the Buffalo, VA Medical Center. Dr. Gutman received his MD from Cornell University Medical College and his MBA from the State University of New York at Buffalo.
Margaret A. Hamburg is Senior Scientist at the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI), a non-profit organization that seeks to strengthen global security by reducing the risk of use and preventing the spread of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. Dr. Hamburg previously served as NTI's Vice President for the Biological Program and now provides strategic advice and expertise in her current post. Before coming to NTI, Dr. Hamburg was Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. She is a physician and expert in public health and bioterrorism. Dr. Hamburg also served as Commissioner of Health for the City of New York and as Assistant Director of the Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health. She is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science, the Intelligence Science Board and the Council on Foreign Relations.
William A. Haseltine is a biophysicist, inventor and entrepreneur who has helped lead the international effort to use human genes to battle disease, especially AIDS. Among his most significant accomplishments, he founded Human Genome Sciences, Inc. in 1992, thereafter overseeing the company’s creation of an entire encyclopedia of expressed human genes and its growth as a genomics-based pharmaceutical heavyweight. Since 1981, he has founded six other companies, each in a different area of medicine. He is a professor at The Scripps Research Institute and is on the board of directors for the Institute for One World Health. He also founded two research journals and has received numerous honors for his research on cancer, AIDS, and biotechnology. Dr. Haseltine is now chairman and chief executive officer of Haseltine Associates, Ltd., and president of the William A. Haseltine Foundation for Medical Sciences and Arts.
Joseph M. Hogan is President and Chief Executive Officer of GE Healthcare, a position he has held since November 2000. Formerly US-based GE Medical Systems, GE Healthcare is now a $17 billion global business and the only GE business headquartered outside the United States. During his tenure at GE Healthcare, the business has more than doubled in revenue and has been transformed into the leading diagnostics, information technology and life sciences company worldwide. Mr. Hogan began his career at GE in 1985 and advanced through a series of leadership roles at GE Plastics in sales, marketing and product management. In March 1998, he was named President and Chief Executive Officer of GE Fanuc Automation North America, Inc., a global supplier of industrial controls systems. Mr. Hogan sits on the Boards of the New York Academy of Medicine, the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, the Advisory Board of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and Advamed.
Stuart Hogarth is a Research Associate in the Epidemiology for Policy group at Cambridge University’s Department of Public Health and Primary Care. Mr. Hogarth’s expertise centers on the innovation processes in the pharmaceutical and diagnostics industries and the regulatory issues emerging from novel healthcare technologies. At present, he is working on a Wellcome Trust funded project examining policy issues in the evaluation of clinical genetic tests for common complex conditions. The project’s report will examine the policy options for improving the regulatory landscape for genetic tests and the incentives needed to encourage test developers to generate high-quality clinical data. For this work he received an FDA Leveraging/Collaboration Award. He also was the lead author of a recent report for Health Canada on international developments in the regulation of pharmacogenomics. Mr. Hogarth trained as a historian of medicine and is slated to receive his PhD this year.
Dr. Robert Honigberg is the Chief Medical Officer, Global Medical Affairs and Clinical Strategy within the Global Technology Medical Organization at GE Healthcare. Before joining GE Healthcare, he was the Vice President, Worldwide Medical Affairs and Chief Medical Officer, at Ethicon Endo-Surgery, a Johnson & Johnson Operating Company, for seven years. He has also had the opportunity to help lead pharmaceutical research with biologics in surgery, critical care, oncology, hepatology and HIV at Ortho Biotech and Schering-Plough. Dr. Honigberg undertook his internship and residency in surgery at Montefiore Hospital and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. His educational background includes a B.A. in Economics at Duke University, MD from Northwestern University Medical School and an MBA from the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Business.
Kathy Hudson is Associate Professor at the Johns Hopkins University Berman Institute of Bioethics, Institute of Genetic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, as well as Founder and Director of the university’s Genetics and Public Policy Center. Dr. Hudson established the center with a $10 million grant from The Pew Charitable Trusts to focus exclusively on public policy issues raised by advances in human genetics. Her research interests include the scientific, legal, ethical and social issues related to human reproductive genetic technologies, genetic testing, gene transfer and human cloning. Before founding the center, Dr. Hudson was Assistant Director of the National Human Genome Research Institute, where she was responsible for communications, legislation, planning and education activities. Prior to that, she served as a senior policy analyst in the Department of Health and Human Services and worked on Capitol Hill. Dr. Hudson holds a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley.
Thomas Hughes is Head of Diabetes and Metabolism Research at the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He also holds the title of Head, NIBR Basel. In his dual role, Dr. Hughes directs the institute’s drug discovery research teams specializing in type 2 diabetes and metabolic disorders and oversees its Basel-based disease areas and platforms. Prior to his current position, Dr. Hughes was Novartis’ Global Head of Diabetes and Metabolism Research and before that he held other senior posts at the company. Among his achievements on behalf of Novartis, Dr. Hughes established a broad drug discovery program in the control of fat oxidation, mitochondrial function, cellular aging, and the genetics of type 2 diabetes, and in 2000 he received the Novartis Distinguished Scientist Award. He obtained his PhD in nutrition from Tufts University and joined Novartis (then Sandoz Pharmaceuticals) as a postdoctoral fellow in 1987.
Margaret M. Hunt has worked as a certified athletic trainer at the USOC since August 1993, and is currently the USOC Games Medical Services Director. Ms. Hunt previously was the head athletic trainer at the Colorado Springs Olympic Training Center. She has traveled with the USA Women's Basketball National Team, as well as the USA Men’s Volleyball National Team. She served on the USOC medical staff for the 1994 and 1995 Olympic Festivals, 1995 PanAmerican Games, the 1996 Olympic Games, and the 2004 Olympic Games. Additionally, she served as the USA Medical Director for the 1997 and 2001 World University Games, the 2000 Olympic Games, the 2002 Paralympic Games, and the 2007 PanAmerican Games. She is also the USOC Medical Director for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. She completed her undergraduate degree at the University of Iowa and earned her master's in physical education from Syracuse University.
Neen Hunt is President of the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation and the Mary Woodard Lasker Charitable Trust, a position she has held since 1995. The foundation and its programs support biomedical research aimed at eradicating disease, improving human health and extending life. Dr. Hunt oversees the Lasker Medical Research Awards, which are widely regarded as among the most prestigious honors granted to medical scientists. Prior to joining the foundation, she was executive vice president and chief operating officer of the United Nations Foundation, a non-profit advocacy and education organization that supports the United Nations. Before that she was Head of the Calhoun School, a coed independent school of 650 students in grades K-l2. Under her leadership the school received Presidential recognition as a model school, and the Calhoun library is now dedicated to her. She received her doctorate from the Harvard Graduate School of Education and her undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jennifer Jarrett is a Director in the Health Care Group within the Credit Suisse Investment Banking Department, based in San Francisco. She has more than nine years of investment banking at Credit Suisse focused on biotechnology, with three years of investment banking at Merrill Lynch and Kidder Peabody. Ms. Jarrett received her MBA from Stanford University and her bachelor's from Dartmouth College.
Scott Johnson is the President and Founder of the Myelin Repair Foundation (MRF), created in 2002 for the sole purpose of accelerating the rate of discovery and translation of myelin repair drug targets leading to treatments for multiple sclerosis. MRF is among the first non-profit disease research organizations to successfully infuse best business practices, including ongoing management oversight, into the process of academic scientific discovery. The foundation’s novel Accelerated Research Collaboration™ model is also breaking down barriers between academia and commercial drug development companies in order to deliver a steady stream of promising validated drug targets into the drug pipeline. Mr. Johnson holds an MBA from the University of California, Berkeley Haas School of Business, and a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering from the University of California, Davis. In 2006, he was named as one of Scientific American magazine’s top 50 worldwide for business, science and policy leadership.
C. Ronald Kahn, Vice Chairman of the Board of the Joslin Diabetes Center and Mary K. Iacocca Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, is an internationally recognized diabetes researcher. Dr. Kahn’s work on insulin signal transduction and mechanisms of altered signaling in disease have revolutionized this area of research and established him as the preeminent investigator in the field. Dr. Kahn was previously a professor of medicine at Harvard University, and prior to that was Head of the Section on Cellular and Molecular Physiology of the Diabetes Branch of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Dr. Kahn’s original research earned him election to membership in the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences' Institute of Medicine. He received his undergraduate and medical degrees from the University of Louisville.
Frances M. Kamm is the Lucius Littauer Professor of Philosophy and Public Policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University. Professor Kamm specializes in normative ethical theory and problems in practical ethics related to medicine and law. She is the author of Creation and Abortion and Morality, Mortality, vols. I and II, among other works. Professor Kamm has received a grant from the American Council of Learned Societies and fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the American Association of University Women, Columbia Law School, the Harvard Program in Ethics and the Professions, the Center for Human Values at Princeton University, the Center for Advanced Studies in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Institutes of Health. She is a member of the editorial boards of Philosophy & Public Affairs, Utilitas, and Legal Theory.
Regis Kelly is Director of the California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, a cooperative effort among three campuses of the University of California and private industry to advance biomedical research by applying quantitative science for the ultimate benefit of human health. Dr. Kelly is also a Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). He was formerly the Executive Vice Chancellor at UCSF, during which time he oversaw the university’s research enterprise and forged new research ties between the institution and private industry. Prior to that post, he was Chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. A distinguished neuroscientist, Dr. Kelly has conducted research on proteins that affect neuro-signaling and play a role in long-term memory. He earned his PhD in physics from the California Institute of Technology.
Cynthia Kenyon is an American Cancer Society Professor and Director of the Hillblom Center for the Biology of Aging at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Kenyon is widely known for her pioneering research in the tiny worm called Caenorhabditis elegans, or C. elegans for short, which showed that changes to a single gene could double the worm’s lifespan. Her work sparked an intensive study of the molecular biology of aging and led to the discovery that an evolutionarily protected hormone signaling system controls aging in other organisms as well, including mammals. She has taught at UCSF since 1986, and prior to that conducted postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, where she first began working with C. elegans. Dr. Kenyon has received many awards for her research. She obtained her PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Kaveh Khoshnood is Assistant Professor in Public Health Practice at the Yale University School of Public Health. Dr. Khoshnood is an infectious disease epidemiologist and his primary research interests are the epidemiology, prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis among drug users, prisoners and other at risk populations in the United States and in resource-poor countries. Dr. Khoshnood's other interests are the examination of the links between health and human rights, the role of health in international relations and the ethical dilemmas in research involving vulnerable populations. Dr. Khoshnood conducts research and mentors researchers from China, India, Russia, South Africa and Iran and teaches courses on HIV/AIDS, infectious disease and research ethics.
Richard D. Klausner is Managing Partner of The Column Group, a venture capital fund focused on building the next generation of drug discovery and development companies. Dr. Klausner is the former Executive Director for Global Health of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Prior to that he served as Director of the National Cancer Institute from 1995 to 2001. Dr. Klausner’s research in hematology has been recognized with many awards, including the William Damashek Prize and the Outstanding Investigator Award of the American Federation of Clinical Research. He has served as an adviser to the Presidents of the National Academies for counter-terrorism and as a liaison to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Dr. Klausner is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Robert N. Klein is Chairman of the Independent Citizens Oversight Committee, the governing body of the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine. The institute was established as a result of the passage of Proposition 71, the “California Stem Cell Research and Cures” ballot initiative, which provided $3 billion in funding for stem cell research at California universities and research institutions. Mr. Klein is credited with spearheading the passage of Proposition 71 in addition to his leadership in recent years as chairman of the oversight committee. Mr. Klein also is President of Klein Financial Corporation, a real estate investment banking consulting company focused on affordable-housing finance and development with a record in financing and developing public and private projects. Among his achievements, he has been instrumental in advocating for research and the development of cures for a variety of causes, including Alzheimer's and diabetes. He received his JD from Stanford Law School.
Caroline Kovac joined Burrill & Company after retiring from IBM, where she was responsible for the strategic direction of IBM's global healthcare and life sciences business. She led a team in developing the latest information technology solutions and services, establishing partnerships and overseeing IBM investment within the healthcare, pharmaceutical and life sciences markets. In more than 20 years at IBM, Dr. Kovac held a number of executive management positions, including vice president at IBM Research, where she was instrumental in launching the Computational Biology Center and the massive Blue Gene supercomputer project. Starting with only two employees in 2000, Dr. Kovac successfully grew IBM's life sciences business unit into a multi-billion dollar business. Her main focus at Burrill is developing and executing investment strategies for leading edge technologies that are contributing to the transformation of medicine and healthcare including: personalized medicine, the use of IT in healthcare, stem cell research, medical devices and diagnostics, and bio-nanotechnology.
Clifton Leaf, an award-winning business journalist, is currently writing a book on the war on cancer for Alfred A. Knopf, which is due to be published in early 2008. He also serves on the board of directors for Susan G. Komen For the Cure, the world’s largest breast cancer foundation. Previously, he was Executive Editor at Fortune, where he edited major features and, for several years, directed its Wall Street and investing coverage as well. In addition, Leaf has written numerous articles for Fortune, including his 2004 cover story, entitled “Why We’re Losing the War on Cancer (And How to Win It),” which won the Gerald Loeb Award for Distinguished Business Journalism, the Henry R. Luce Award for public service, and the NIHCM’s 2005 Health Care Journalism Award. Prior to joining Fortune, he was Executive Editor of SmartMoney and held editorial positions at Fitness Magazine and Harper’s Bazaar.
Stephanie Lederman is Executive Director of the American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR), a leading, not-for-profit organization supporting biomedical research on aging. Under Ms. Lederman’s leadership over the past 15 years, AFAR has grown into an organization that has been able to contribute nearly $93 million to more than 2,200 new investigators and students conducting biomedical research on the aging process and age-related diseases. During the course of her career in the not-for-profit sector, Ms. Lederman has served as executive director of The Children’s Health Fund and The National Center for Health Education. She also has held leadership positions at The American Red Cross in Greater New York, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and The American Heart Association. She holds a master’s degree from Boston University. She is a Fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Alan I. Leshner is Chief Executive Officer of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and Executive Publisher of its journal, Science. Previously Dr. Leshner, a psychologist and neuroscientist, had been Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health, and Deputy Director and Acting Director of the National Institute of Mental Health. Before that, he held a variety of senior positions at the National Science Foundation. Dr. Leshner began his career at Bucknell University, where he was Professor of Psychology. His research focused on the ways by which hormones can modify behavior. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Science Board. He holds a master’s and PhD from Rutgers University.