This paper, written under a grant from the CDFI Fund’s Research Initiative, examined sustainability of the CDFI field within the context of increasing industry scale and the use of subsidy. Authors used quantitative analysis, a survey of industry practitioners, and a series of case studies to explore the state of sustainability in the field. Collaborating on the project were staff from EOP and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, as well as Aspen/EOP Senior Fellows Greg Ratliff, William Myers and Fred Mendez, and independent consultant Alan Okagaki.